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KMID : 0381120060280040385
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Genes and Genomics
2006 Volume.28 No. 4 p.385 ~ p.393
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Ancient Pigs on Jeju Island, Korea: Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Relationship with Extant Native Pigs
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Kim Jae-Hwan
Han Sang-Hyun
Kang Min-Chul
Oh Ju-Hyung
Jung Yong-Hwan
Kim Gi-Ok
Oh Moon-You
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Abstract
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In order to establish the evolutionary relationship between ancient and extant pigs on Jeju Island, DNA samples of ancient pig bones were analyzed and compared with those of extant animals. Ancient pig bones were collected from three archaeological sites on Jeju Island, Korea, which have been estimated to date from A.D. 0 to A.D. 500. These ancient remains were used for molecular identification and phylogenetic comparison with extant pig breeds, including wild boar and native pigs. DNA was extracted from the ancient bones and used to determine the sequence of the porcine mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (CR). The obtained CR fragments were the most similar to those of pigs, Sus scrofa. The sequences of the ancient pigs were phylogenetically compared with those previously reported for various pig breeds, including native pigs and wild boars from Asia and Europe. On the resulting neighbor-joining tree, ancient CR sequences were localized to two distinct subclusters, indicating that there were two kinds of animals present on Jeju in ancient times, domestic pigs and wild boars. Subcluster AWD4 contained six of the ancient pig bone sequences as well as those of various Chinese native pig breeds and several wild boars of East Asia, while AWD3 contained two ancient sequences and those from one native pig breed and various wild boars of East Asia, including Korean wild boars. Thus, the ancient CR sequences were divided into two pig breeds and were maternally distinct, although both were indigenous to the Asian pig lineage. There must have been two kinds of pig breeds on Jeju Island in ancient times, domestic and wild. These would have been used by the islanders for various reasons at that time and notably included domestic pigs that are different to those currently present on this island.
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KEYWORD
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ancient remains, archaeological site, Jeju Island, mtDNA, pig, wild boar
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